CFM: October 23–29
Videos and Podcasts
Video/ Podcast | Lesson Extension | Additional Materials |
Scripture Central | ||
Follow Him | ||
Line Upon Line | ||
Teaching with Power | | |
Don't Miss This | | |
CFM New Testament | ||
Unshaken | | |
The Interpreter Foundation | ||
Teaching Helps with John Hilton | | |
Ponderfun | 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon (not yet posted) | |
Talking Scripture | ||
Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson
Crete, a Brief Historical Overview
Crete, the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, holds a significant place in history and culture. Its story begins with the illustrious Minoan civilization, which thrived around 2600 BCE. Named after the mythological King Minos, the Minoans left an indelible mark with their advanced architecture, intricate art, and complex infrastructure, epitomized by the remarkable Palace of Knossos. (The Minoans: A Civilization of Bronze Age Crete)
Around 1450 BCE, a catastrophic volcanic eruption on the island of Thera (modern-day Santorini) had devastating consequences for the Minoan civilization (Akrotiri and the Eruption of Thera: The Pompeii of the Aegean). The eruption triggered multiple tsunamis that struck Crete, leading to the decimation of the Minoan merchant naval fleets. This catastrophic event obliterated a significant portion of their trading network, resulting in profound economic challenges. Concurrently, the environmental aftermath of the eruption further strained the Minoan community.
Crete had been long-time rivals with the Mycenaean culture on the Greek mainland, known for its militaristic aggressiveness. Seizing the opportunity presented by the Minoans' misfortune, the Mycenaeans invaded the island. This invasion marked the beginning of a prolonged struggle for control over various trade routes in the Mediterranean.
Scholars propose that the Philistine community, featured in accounts like the story of David and Goliath, might have comprised Mycenaean warriors who had established a presence in Crete. Some literary sources even suggest the intriguing possibility that Goliath, the famed giant, could have been a direct descendant of King Agamemnon, the legendary leader of the Greek army during the Trojan War, as chronicled in Homer's Iliad. It is thought that these Mycenaean warriors, hailing from Crete, vied for control over the lower coastal ports of the Levant, known today as the Gaza Strip, with the aim of securing valuable trading posts in the Near East. This fusion of Mycenaean and Minoan influences profoundly shaped the ancient Cretan culture and left a lasting impact on various communities throughout the ancient world.
Crete assumed a pivotal role in international affairs during the 14th century BCE, particularly through its interactions with the influential Egyptian civilization. The Amarna Letters, a collection of diplomatic correspondences, prominently highlight Crete in discussions involving the Egyptian pharaoh and a spectrum of rulers. These exchanges encompassed significant diplomatic partners, such as the Phoenicians, who held paramount importance in their relations with Israel and were largely instrumental in the construction of Solomon's Temple.
In the Old Testament, Crete is often associated with the biblical figure of Caphtor, though this link is subject to debate among scholars. Some suggest Caphtor might refer to the island of Crete or its vicinity.
Crete's connection to early Christianity is significant, particularly due to the presence of the apostle Paul and his disciple Titus. The biblical Book of Titus in the New Testament pertains to Titus's mission in Crete. Paul's influence and teachings left a lasting impact on the island, contributing to the growth of the early Christian community.
Today, Crete's rich history, archaeological treasures, and its association with the Minoan civilization make it a captivating destination for history enthusiasts, archaeologists, and travelers exploring the legacies of the ancient world and the foundations of early Christianity.
Cretan Mythology
Crete, with its ancient and influential Minoan civilization, played a significant role in the development of Greek mythology. Several aspects of Cretan culture, traditions, and historical sites are believed to have influenced and contributed to the broader Greek mythological narrative. Here are a few examples:
1. The Myth of the Minotaur and the Labyrinth: Perhaps the most famous myth associated with Crete is the tale of the Minotaur, a creature with the body of a man and the head of a bull. This myth is centered around the Labyrinth, a complex maze designed by the legendary architect Daedalus. King Minos of Crete is said to have imprisoned the Minotaur within the Labyrinth. The hero Theseus, with the help of Princess Ariadne, ventured to Crete and defeated the Minotaur. This myth reflects the intertwined nature of Greek and Minoan mythology.
2. Atlantas: Crete, with its rich history and connection to the advanced Minoan civilization, has been suggested as a possible inspiration for Plato's story of Atlantis. While there is ongoing debate among scholars, some believe that the grandeur of the Minoan palaces, their advanced maritime capabilities, and the island's cataclysmic experiences, including volcanic eruptions and tsunamis, may have contributed to the concept of Atlantis. Plato's description of Atlantis as an advanced, island-dwelling civilization that ultimately faced a catastrophic downfall bears intriguing parallels to elements of Minoan history. The potential connection between Crete and the Atlantis narrative adds an enigmatic layer to the island's already captivating history.
3. Deities and Sacred Sites: Crete had a rich religious tradition, with deities that influenced Greek mythology. The island was associated with the birthplace of Zeus, the king of the Greek gods. The Ideon Cave on Crete was considered sacred and was believed to be the birthplace of Zeus. This sacred geography played a role in the development of Greek myths related to Zeus.
4. Minoan Art and Symbols: Minoan art, with its intricate frescoes and pottery, is believed to have influenced the iconography and symbolism in Greek art and mythology. Images of animals, such as the bull, the snake, and the double axe (labrys), found in Minoan art, are thought to have inspired elements of Greek mythology and religious symbolism.
5. Cultural Exchanges: The close proximity of Crete to the Greek mainland, as well as its role as a trading and cultural hub in the ancient Mediterranean, likely led to the exchange of stories, beliefs, and rituals. This cultural interchange may have contributed to the development of Greek myths, incorporating elements from the Minoan, Phoenician, and Israelite traditions.
While the exact nature and extent of Crete's influence on Greek mythology are a subject of ongoing scholarly debate, there is no doubt that the island's rich history, culture, and myths have left an indelible mark on the broader tapestry of ancient Greek storytelling and religion.
Titus
Titus, a Gentile Christian closely associated with the apostle Paul, played a vital role in the early Christian church. While specific details about his origin and initial encounter with Paul are not provided in the New Testament, Titus became a trusted co-worker who accompanied Paul on missionary journeys. Notably, Titus was part of the Jerusalem Council, where the inclusion of Gentile believers and the issue of circumcision were discussed. His presence served as an example of a Gentile Christian who was not compelled to be circumcised. Titus is most prominently associated with the island of Crete, where Paul left him with the task of organizing local Christian communities and appointing elders. His role extended to assisting in the collection for the poor saints in Jerusalem, as mentioned in 2 Corinthians. Throughout the New Testament, Titus emerges as a key figure, bridging the gap between Jewish and Gentile believers and contributing significantly to the growth of early Christianity.
Bible Project: Book of Titus Summary: A Complete Animated Overview
The Bible Effect - Titus Historical Background, Why was Titus Written?
Eyewitness Bible Series: Second Corinthians - from the Perspective of Titus
Eyewitness Bible Series: The Book of Titus - From the Perspective of a Cretan Elder
Titus 1
Chapter 1 of Titus opens with Paul's introduction and greeting to Titus, his "true child in a common faith." Paul then provides instructions for the organization and leadership of the church on the island of Crete. He emphasizes the importance of sound doctrine, moral conduct, and the appointment of qualified elders. Paul also addresses the issue of false teachers and warns against their disruptive influence.
Scripture | Major Topics/ Themes | Summary | Cross-References, Videos & Resources |
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Verses 1-4 | Paul's Introduction and Greeting |
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Verses 5-9 | Instructions for Appointing Elders |
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Verses 10-16 | Warning Against False Teachers |
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Titus 2
Paul's letter continues to provide practical instructions for Titus regarding various groups within the Christian community on the island of Crete. Paul emphasizes the importance of sound doctrine, moral conduct, and godly living. He encourages older men, older women, younger women, and young men to live in ways that reflect the teachings of Christ. Paul underscores the transformative power of God's grace, which trains believers to lead upright lives and await the blessed hope of Christ's return.
Scripture | Major Topics/ Themes | Summary | Cross-References, Videos & Resources |
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Verses 1-10 | Instructions for Various Groups |
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Verses 11-15 | The Grace of God and Our Godly Lives |
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Titus 3
Chapter 3 of Titus provides further instructions from the apostle Paul regarding the behavior and attitude of believers. Paul reminds the Cretan Christians to be subject to rulers and authorities, to avoid quarreling, and to be gentle and kind to all people. He emphasizes that it is God's mercy and grace, not their own righteousness, that has saved them. Paul also addresses the importance of maintaining good works and avoiding divisive individuals.
Scripture | Major Topics/ Themes | Summary | Cross-References, Videos & Resources |
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Verses 1-2 | Submission to Authorities and Good Conduct |
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Verses 3-7 | Salvation by God's Mercy |
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Verses 8-11 | Maintaining Good Works and Avoiding Contention |
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Verses 12-15 | Final Greetings and Benediction |
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Philemon
The Book of Philemon is a short, personal letter written by the apostle Paul to a fellow Christian named Philemon. The primary focus of this letter is the situation involving a runaway slave named Onesimus, who had become a Christian during his time with Paul. This letter emphasizes themes of reconciliation, brotherhood in Christ, and the transformative power of faith.
In the opening verses, Paul greets Philemon and expresses gratitude for Philemon's love and faith, which have brought joy and comfort to fellow believers. The letter then addresses the matter of Onesimus, who was previously unprofitable to Philemon as a slave but has now become useful both to Philemon and to Paul as a brother in the faith. Paul appeals to Philemon to receive Onesimus back, not as a slave, but as a beloved brother in Christ.
A reference in Colossians 4:9 adds context to the story of Onesimus. It describes him as a "faithful and beloved brother" and reveals that he was from Colossae, the same city to which the Letter to the Colossians was addressed. This reference emphasizes the transformation that had taken place in Onesimus, who went from being a runaway slave to a follower of Paul and fellow believer in Christ. This letter highlights the power of the Gospel to bridge social divides and promote unity among believers. The Book of Philemon serves as an inspiring example of how Paul addresses a sensitive issue involving slavery through the lens of Christian love and principles of equality in Christ.
Bible Project: Philemon Summary: A Complete Animated Overview
Eyewitness Bible Series: Philemon - from the perspective of Paul
The Bible Effect: Philemon Historical Background - Why was Philemon written?
Scripture | Major Topics/ Themes | Summary | Cross-References, Videos & Resources |
| | INT | |
Verses 1-7 | Reconciliation and Brotherhood | | |
Verses 8-16 | Onesimus: From Slave to Brother |
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Verses 17-25 | Paul's Appeal on Behalf of Onesimus |
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Church Videos & Resources
Scripture Central
Reading Guide
1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon
Lynne Hilton Wilson, "1 and 2 Timothy; Philemon," Come Follow Me: The New Testament, 2019.
Background to the Pauline Epistles:
Frank F. Judd Jr., “The Epistles of the Apostle Paul: An Overview,” in New Testament History, Culture, and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament, ed. Lincoln H. Blumell (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2019), 419-445.
Nicholas J. Frederick, “The Life of the Apostle Paul: An Overview,” in New Testament History, Culture, and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament, ed. Lincoln H. Blumell (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2019), 393-418.
Eric D. Huntsman, “The Occasional Nature, Composition, and Structure of Paul’s Letters,” in How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium, ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 190–207.
Brad Farnsworth, John Hilton III, Jaclyn Nielson, Jonathan Ogden, “Prophetic Use of the Pauline Epistles, 1970–2013,” Religious Educator 16, no.1 (2015): 77–103
Timothy and Titus:
“Timothy,” Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible.
“Epistle of Titus,” Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible.
Organization of Christ’s Church:
Grant Underwood, “The ‘Same’ Organization That Existed in the Primitive Church,” in Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles, 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 167–186.
Kent P. Jackson, “New Testament Prophecies of Apostasy,” in Sperry Symposium Classics: The New Testament, ed. Frank F. Judd Jr. and Gaye Strathearn (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 394–406
An Example of the Believers:
Val Hawks, “A Pattern of Integrity: Agency, Order, and Obedience,” in Moral Foundations: Standing Firm in a World of Shifting Values, ed. Douglas E. Brinley, Perry W. Carter, and James K. Archibald (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University), 129–42.
Russell M. Nelson, “Be Thou an Example of the Believers,” General Conference October 2010.
Thomas S. Monson, “A Light to the World,” BYU Speeches November 2011.
Ted L. Gibbons, “Paul as a Witness of the Work of God,” in Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles, 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 27–40.
The Spirit of Fear Is not from God:
Gordon B. Hinckley, “’God Hath Not Given Us the Spirit of Fear’,” Ensign, October 1984.
Derek A. Cuthbert, “The Futility Fear,” BYU Speeches May 1984.
Gordon B. Hinckley, “We Need Not Fear His Coming,” BYU Speeches March 1979.
Lloyd D. Newell, “Fear Not,” BYU Speeches December 2014.
Esnil Acosta, “’Well Done, Thou Good and Faithful Servant,’” Ensign March 1988.
Living the Gospel Provides Safety:
Jeffrey R. Holland, “Safety for the Soul,” General Conference October 2009.
Philemon:
Max H. Parkin, “Who Wrote the Book of Philemon?” Ensign, September 1991.
Matthew J. Grey, “‘A Slave of Christ Jesus’: Ancient Slavery as a Biblical Metaphor for Salvation,” in Selections from the Religious Education Student Symposium 2003 (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2003), 81–100.
“Epistle to Philemon,” Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible.
BYU’s RSC
Additional Videos & Insights
Paul, Apostle of Christ (full movie available for purchase or rental on YouTube)
Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD (PDF version, download)
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