CFM: August 14–20
Videos and Podcasts
Video/ Podcast | Lesson Extension | Additional Materials |
Scripture Central | ||
Follow Him | ||
Line Upon Line | ||
Teaching with Power | | |
Don't Miss This | | |
CFM New Testament | ||
Unshaken | | |
The Interpreter Foundation | ||
Teaching Helps with John Hilton | | |
Ponderfun | Romans 7-16 (not yet posted) | |
Talking Scripture | Romans 7-16 | |
Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson
This week I have added an additional source to the list above, the Hurricane Adult Religion Class has a treasure trove of information, from Slides that can be used in teaching a Sunday School Class, to detailed Summaries and Handouts, this is a link you will want to take advantage of!
Romans can be a challenging text to navigate. Last week's lesson may have left some readers scratching their heads, overwhelmed with several confusing passages, and this week's readings can be even more demanding. Not only are there more of them, but language and translation barriers can cause some significant issues with interpretation. Historically, interpretation and misinterpretation issues have led to serious debates and divisions among various Christian communities. Bruce R. McConkie expressed his view that "the Epistle of Romans has caused more doctrinal misunderstanding and misinterpretation than any other Biblical book, even surpassing the Book of Revelation." So this is a serious issue, and something we need to be cognisant of.
To overcome these challenges, utilizing Interlinear translations, along with Greek and Hebrew dictionaries and concordances can be highly beneficial. These tools help to shed light on the meaning of the text as it was initially intended. This can help one to foster a deeper understanding of and appreciation for Paul's message. An example of one of the more prominent controversies that members of the Church uncounter are Paul's writings regarding faith, i.e grace vs. works. Many Protestant Christians believe in the concept of sola fide—“faith alone,” whereas LDS doctrine teaches that both faith and works are essential for salvation and eternal progression. We touched upon this topic last week in our discussion between the Greek words for Justification and Sanctification. In this case, the dictionaries and concordances helped to clarify some of the questionable passages. We observed that in the English translations, these words and concepts are frequently lumped together, and the distinction between the two principles is not always very clear, which can cause considerable confusion.
Many of the disagreements that developed between various faith communities stemmed from differences in interpretations that were further complicated with multiple translations, editions, and various cultural and language barriers. Of the roughly 25,000 surviving fragments of the New Testament that we currently have, only around 5,800 are written in Greek. Out of those documents, only about 450 were written prior to the 10th century, and there are multiple discrepancies between all of them. One can observe this by analyzing the variations between some of the more prominent ancient codices, such as the Codex Vaticanus (325-350), Codex Sinaiticus(350-360), Codex Alexandrinus (400-440), Codex Ephraemi (~450), and Vulgate (384 Latin). This demonstrates how challenging it can be to sort out what was the original message, so that one can more aptly discern between the differences in the various accounts. Thankfully, we have the Book of Mormon and modern-day prophets who can help us to navigate these sometimes turbulent topics. (New Testament Manuscripts, Textual Families, and Variants)
Next to the Gospels, the Book of Acts and Romans were the most widely distributed text of the New Testament. This supports their authenticity, however, the various ways in which these books have been recorded and interpreted among different communities demonstrates how fluid these texts and their interpretations actually were, especially early on before there was an opportunity to standardize them. We must remember that prior to the invention of the printing press, all of these records had to be written out by hand, numerous scribes and translators were involved in the process of their replication, and anyone who has done translation work knows that there are multiple ways in which something can be interpreted. The process of translation is tricky, and can be influenced by numerous factors: personal or social bias, political or theological agendas, artistic interpretation, accidental mistakes, misunderstandings, difficulties in being able to read and decipher prior documents, education or lack thereof, language fluency, etc. Nephi even addressed this when he prophesied that many of the plain and simple truths of the Bible would be lost as it was disseminated among the Gentile nations 2 Nephi 29.
So, do not be discouraged if these sections feel overwhelming, you are not alone! Hopefully, the different resources and commentaries that are available on this site will help. Also, feel free to ask questions on the Facebook threads that I post these lessons on. I may not know the answers, but I will do my best to help you find resources, and hopefully others will chime in as well.
Cultural and Historical Context for Romans 7:
In this chapter, Paul delves into the struggle between sin and the law, emphasizing one's inability to overcome sin through their own merit and efforts. He highlights the tension between the desire to obey God's law and the ongoing battle with sinful inclinations. The chapter ultimately points to the need for deliverance through Christ.
In Paul's time, the Jewish audience in Rome would have been familiar with the significance of the Mosaic Law and its role in defining sin. This stemmed from the events of the Fall. Because of Adam and Eve's transgression, the Lord "gave them over" (παρέδωκεν from last week's lesson) and allowed them to learn through their own experience how the Law worked, both the positive and negative aspects and consequences of the Law.
The scriptures teach that obedience to the Law ultimately results in freedom and blessings. Whereas, disobedience to the Law ultimately results in negative consequences that include death, bondage, adversity, sorrow, pain, and so forth. Jewish religious life revolved around the Law, and the strict observance of its commandments was crucial for spiritual identity.
The Jews were blessed with abundant revelations and knowledge, receiving greater light than others. However, with this privilege came greater responsibility, as they were accountable for using this knowledge properly. Those who sin against such abundant light will face greater condemnation. The Law operates with justice and judgment as the penalties affixed to these terms and conditions. Doctrine and Covenants 82:3–4, 1 Nephi 2:20-21.
Therefore, the Law, by its nature does not have the power to provide deliverance. Paul points out that Jewish history, particularly the experience of exile and captivity, demonstrated that the law alone could not save them from sin's power and the consequences of disobedience. It was only through the Atonement of Jesus Christ that the Law could be satisfied and mercy could be obtained.
The Jews were not alone in their efforts to understand these complicated principles, the Greco-Roman culture of the time also struggled to comprehend these types of moral and ethical dilemmas. Numerous scholars grappled with the idea of virtue, and the human struggle to control one's desires and appetites in the pursuit of a higher moral life and character.
Paul's discussion in Romans 7 addresses these cultural and historical contexts. He presents a universal human experience, regardless of cultural background, where individuals recognize their inability to achieve righteousness through the law or their own efforts. The chapter underscores the necessity of grace and the redemptive work of Jesus Christ to free believers from the power of sin, death, bondage, and pain.
Scripture | Major Topics/ Themes | Summary | Key Words & Cross-References | Videos & Resources |
Romans 7 | | |||
Romans 1:1-7 | Law & Sin | Paul begins by illustrating the analogy of marriage, explaining how a person is bound to the law until death. Christ's Atonement answered the demands of the Law through his death; he paid the ransom for the Fall of mankind and purchased our sins. With his death and resurrection, a new and everlasting Law was brought to pass, and because of this, we are no longer subjected to the rigorous demands of the Mosaic Law, but we are indebted to Him. We are released from death and Hell through the redemptive Power of Jesus Christ, no longer fastened with the chains of condemnation and guilt. This allows us to move forward, to freely serve God with a new heart and a renewed Spirit. Through the Gift of the Holy Ghost, we can better understand the true Spirit of the Law rather than relying on the traditional and fallible interpretations of the letter alone. | ||
Romans 7:7-13 | The Struggle with Sin | Paul discusses the function of the law (Torah) in revealing sin and helping one to recognize the consequences and ramifications of their behaviors. He does not criticize the Law, rather he clearly acknowledges that the Law is holy and righteous, but he also explains that the Law exposes the depth of human ignorance and corruption. Sin unrighteously abuses the law, producing consequences of death. When one is not aware of the Law they live in a blissfully ignorant state, but when they learn the Law, they become very aware of their dire circumstances. This reveals the ongoing struggle within as one grapples with the tension between their sinful nature and their desire to obey God's law. | vs. 7 νόμος "Law, Torah" Doctrine and Covenants 82:3–4; vs. 8 ἐπιθυμία "concupiscence, desire, craving, lust for that which was forbidden" νεκρά "dead, empty, lifeless, moot מוּת, meaningless;" vs. 11 ἀφορμὴν λαβοῦσα : "taking occasion, taking opportunity/ advantage"; ἐξηπάτησέν "deceived, seduced, beguiled, cheated, נָשָׁא" Genesis 3:13 INT, ἀπέκτεινεν "slay, destroy, inflict mortal and spiritual death" | |
Roman 7:14-25 | The Internal Conflict | Paul shares his personal struggle with sin and the law. He describes the inner conflict between his desire to do what is right and his inability to carry it out. Paul highlights the power of sin at work in him, leading to frustration and a sense of wretchedness. He recognizes that deliverance can only come through Jesus Christ, who rescues believers from this struggle. | vs. 14 σάρκικός "carnal, flesh, בָּשָׂר" πεπραμένος ὑπὸ "sold under, מָכַר" vs. 15 JST, Romans 7:15–17; |
Cultural and Historical Context for Romans 8:
Romans 8 is one of the most cherished and profound chapters in the Bible, often considered the pinnacle of the Apostle Paul's letter to the Romans. In this chapter, Paul expounds on the liberating truths of the Gospel and the assurance of God's love and the plan for the salvation for all who come unto Christ. He discusses the role of the Holy Ghost, our identity as children of God, the pre-existence, foreordination, predestination, the victory over sin and death, principles of callings and elections, and the unshakable and everlasting love of God.
During Paul's time, believers faced various challenges and persecutions for their faith. As discussed in previous lessons, the Roman Empire was not always tolerant of non-imperial religions, including Christianity.
In such a context, Paul's emphasis on the assurance of salvation, the empowering presence of the Holy Spirit, and the unbreakable love of God brought tremendous comfort and hope to the believers in Rome. His teachings reminded them that they were not alone in their struggles, and their sufferings were not in vain. The promise of future glory and the assurance of God's love provided encouragement and endurance in the face of tremendous adversity. Neal A. Maxwell, in his address titled " Premortality, a Glorious Reality," delineated comparable circumstances within the early saints of the Restored Church. He expounded upon how these foundational principles concerning premortality and the Plan of Salvation were revealed to Prophet Joseph Smith through the revelations presented in the Pearl of Great Price. Remarkable parallels existed between these two communities, underscoring the enduring and sustaining nature of these theological themes.
Additionally, Paul's teachings about the Holy Spirit were particularly relevant to the Greco-Roman culture, where the idea of divine spirits or pneuma (πνεῦμα) was prevalent (Greco-Roman Religion and the New Testament). Paul drew upon these limited understandings, corrected and built upon them, through highlighting the unique role of the Holy Ghost in comforting and empowering believers, guiding them into truth, and confirming their eternal identity and destiny as children of God.
Scripture | Major Topic/ Theme | Summary | Key Words & Cross References | Videos & Resources |
| | INT | ||
Romans 8:1-11 | Life in the Spirit | Paul proclaims freedom from condemnation for those in Christ Jesus. He contrasts living carnally, which leads to death, with living in the Spirit, which brings life and peace. The Holy Spirit dwells in believers, quickening their mortal bodies to overcome sin and live according to God's will, explaining that "he that searcheth the hearts knoweth what is the mind of the Spirit" | ||
Romans 8:12-17 | Adoption as Sons and Heirs | Paul explains that believers are not slaves to fear but have received the Spirit of adoption, making them children of God and joint heirs with Christ. This adoption into God's family gives faithful followers a new identity and intimate relationship with God as their Father. Part of the adoptive process includes receiving a new name. | υἱοθεσίας "adoption"; τέκνα "children, יֶלֶד"; κληρονόμοι "heir, יורֵשׁ" | |
Romans 8:18-27 | Hope in Suffering | Paul acknowledges the reality of suffering in the present world but assures believers that their future glory far surpasses any present hardships. The Holy Ghost helps God's children through their weakness and trials, offering them hope, communicating (interceding) with them in prayer according to God's will. | ἀποκαραδοκία "earnest expectation, wait longingly/ patiently Psalms 37:7 הִתְחוֹלֵל" | |
Romans 8:28-39 | God's Purpose and Unshakable Love | Paul expounds on God's sovereign plan, established from the preexistence, working all things together for the good of those who love Him. Those whom he calls he justifies, and from those whom he justifies, he glorifies. Paul reassures believers of God's unshakable love, which triumphs over any circumstances, even in the face of separation, tribulation, persecution, distress, poverty humiliation or danger. He reminds us that God loves us so much, he delivered his own son to intercede on our behalf so that we could be redeemed and he could freely give us everything (Doctrine and Covenants 84:33–41). Paul concludes with the following quote: "I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord." (2 Nephi 1:15) | vs. 28 πρόθεσιν "purpose, intention, set forth beforehand" vs. 29 Paul refers to the Pre-existence προέγνω "foreknow, foreordination" προώρισεν "predestination" (Alma 22:13, 13:1-9) συμμόρφους "conformed, modeled/ fashioned like Phl 3:21) vs. 30 ἐκάλεσεν "called, קָרָא", ἐκλεκτῶν "elect, chosen, exalted" |
Cultural and Historical Context for Romans 9:
Romans 9 begins the second part of Paul's epistle, and it primarily deals with God's treatment of Israel. This is a theologically rich and emotionally charged chapter, where Paul grapples with the complex topic of God's sovereignty and humankind's role in matters of agency and salvation. Paul addresses the status of Israel as God's elect people and discusses the inclusion of the Gentiles as part of God's broader redemptive plan. Paul expresses deep concern for his fellow Jews, and verses 1-5 reflects the realities of the time when many Jews had not embraced Jesus as the Messiah. Paul's desire was to see his kinsmen come to faith in Christ, knowing that God's plan included the Gentiles as well.
Paul's discourse delves into God's rationale and eternal perspective, managing questions that probe the factors influencing why certain individuals are granted more or less compared to others. Why are some granted abundance, mercy, and compassion, while others wrestle with obstacles, adversities, and trials? Why do the blessing of the covenant favor some and exclude or harden others? How do our choices influence God's decisions, and to what extent are our privileges determined by our lineage, culture, and traditions?
Many Jewish Christians of the time found it challenging to fully accept the Gentiles as part of God's covenant people, particularly due to differences in adherence to the Mosaic Law and established traditions. Paul's teachings effectively addressed these tensions by drawing on examples from the Old Testament. He highlighted instances where God diverged from tradition and expectation. Moreover, Paul underscored moments when God affirmed His intention to extend His redemptive plan to encompass Gentile nations and the entirety of the world. Paul's emphasis resided in the fact that God's choices regarding His called and elected were not rooted in ethnic lineage or human presumptions; instead, they were firmly founded in His divine will and ultimate purpose.
Paul's mention of Pharaoh in verses 17-18 would have struck a chord not only with his Jewish audience but also with the Roman converts and investigators. In the Greco-Roman context, ruling monarchs were often viewed as figures with divine attributes, and their actions were commonly attributed to the will of the gods. Paul's portrayal of God's hardening of Pharaoh's heart brought this perspective to light, portraying God as the highest authority over all earthly rulers and underscoring His supreme sovereignty over human affairs and history.
Scripture | Major Topics/ Themes | Summary | Key Words & Cross-References | Videos & Resources |
| | | ||
Romans 9:1-5 | Paul's Sorrow for Israel | Paul offers his witness of the truth of Christ, and expresses the deep heaviness and sorrow he feels for his fellow Israelites, who have not embraced the fullness of the Gospel. He remembers being one of them, and highlights the unique privileges and blessings that Israel received as God's chosen people, including adoption into the kingdom, the glory of God's presence, the covenant, the knowledge of the law, the services, ordinances, and the promised blessings. | | |
Romans 9:6-13 | God's position over Election | Paul addresses the tension between God's choices as to whom he chooses to elect and humankind's responsibility in matters of salvation. Paul emphasizes that not all physical descendants of Israel are counted as children of the promise. God's choices regarding whom he calls to various roles and positions is not based on lineage or human conception, but on His divine oversight and higher purpose. One's obedience to their covenants certainly plays a factor, but some choices are based on other variables that only God understands, as seen in His election of Isaac over Ishmael and Jacob over Esau when they were only infants. | ||
Romans 9:14-24 | God's Mercy and Hardening | Paul anticipates the question of God's fairness in choosing some for mercy and compassion while choosing others for hardening. Paul emphasizes that God's actions are just and righteous, and it is not up to us to contradict the Lord or to find fault with his motives. God sees the bigger picture, and as the Potter of the clay, He has the right and perspective to show much endurance and longsuffering or to respond with wrath in order to refine or destroy as He sees fit. Paul illustrates this point using Pharaoh as an example. | God as the Potter κεραμεὺς יָצַר: Isa. 29:16, 64:8 INT (2 Ne. 27:27). πηλοῦ חֹמֶר ,טִיט "clay" | |
Romans 9:25-33 | Inclusion of the Gentiles | Paul clarifies that God's redemptive plan extends beyond Israel to encompass the Gentiles as well. Drawing from Hosea and Isaiah, Paul underscores God's longstanding intention to include the Gentiles within His people. He reminds them of the promise that Abraham's seed and the Children of Israel would become as numerous as the sands חוֹל of the sea, but only a remnant would be saved. Those who do not pursue righteousness, having faith in Jesus Christ will stumble under the weight of the Law. But all who exercise faith and obedience, believing the words and promises of God, will attain salvation by and through Him, even those who had previously been denied the opportunity. | President Nelson's admonition to the Youth and Church Help Gather Israel |
Cultural and Historical Context for Romans 10:
Romans 10 continues Paul's passionate discourse on the topic of salvation, faith, and the inclusion of both Jews and Gentiles in God's redemptive plan. In this chapter, Paul focuses on the necessity of faith and the role of preaching in bringing the message of the Gospel to all people. He addresses the unbelief of Israel and the universal offer of salvation through faith in Christ.
Scripture | Major Topic/ Theme | Summary | Key Words & Cross References | Videos & Resources |
| | |||
Romans 9:30- 10:21 | Israel abandoned God | God stretched out his hand to Israel, but they were disobedient and contrary. In other words, it wasn’t God who abandoned Israel; it was Israel who abandoned God. | | |
Romans 10:1-4 | The Righteousness of Faith | Paul expresses his deep desire for the salvation of his fellow Jews, emphasizing that they have a zeal for God but not according to precise and correct knowledge. He explained that their ignorance of Jesus and faith in His righteousness caused them to erroneously establish their own righteousness, not understanding that Christ's Atonement was the end and the purpose for the Law. | | |
Romans 10:5-13 | The Necessity of Faith and Confession | Paul explains that the righteousness that leads to salvation is attainable through faith in Christ. He quotes from the Old Testament to distinguish Christ as the Word and the Tree of Life. His references also demonstrate that there is no distinction between Jew and Gentile; all who confess, believe, and call on the name of the Lord will be saved. | vs. 6 Who shall ascend into heaven? (to bring Christ down from above) vs. 7 Who shall descend into the deep? vs 8 The word is nigh, even in thy mouth, and in thy heart (Deut 30:14-15 INT); Whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed Psalm 31:1, Isaiah 45:17, Joel 2:26, 2 Nephi 6:13 | |
Romans 10:14-21 | The Universality of the Gospel | Paul emphasizes the importance of preaching the Gospel so all might have the opportunity to know Jesus as their Lord, and to receive and obey the gospel of peace and salvation. He emphasizes that people can only call on the Lord if they believe, and they can only believe if they hear the message. This underscores the urgency of sending messengers to proclaim the Gospel to all people, including both Jews and Gentiles. Paul also acknowledges that not all of Israel accepted the Gospel, despite the Gospel being offered to them. |
Cultural and Historical Context of Romans 11:
Romans 11 is a crucial chapter in the Apostle Paul's letter to the Romans, exploring the topics of God's plan for Israel, the Gentiles' inclusion in God's redemptive plan, and the future restoration of Israel. Paul addresses the question of whether God has rejected His chosen people, Israel, and explains the mystery of the relationship between Jews and Gentiles in God's eternal plan.
During Paul's time, the question of Israel's status in God's redemptive plan was a significant point of heated debate among early Christian communities. Jewish-Christian relations were complex, and some Gentile believers may have struggled with their understanding of God's covenant promises to Israel.
Paul's teaching in Romans 11 addressed these tensions, providing both comfort and theological clarity. He affirms that God has not rejected Israel entirely but has preserved a remnant of faithful Jews, showing that His covenant faithfulness remains intact. At the same time, Paul emphasizes that the inclusion of the Gentiles in God's salvation plan is not meant to replace Israel but to extend God's grace to all nations.
The analogy of the olive tree and the grafting of wild branches into the cultivated tree would have resonated with both Jewish and Gentile Christians. Olive trees were a familiar agricultural image in the ancient Near East, and Paul skillfully used this metaphor to illustrate the relationship between Israel and the Gentiles in God's plan.
Paul's message in Romans 11 offers hope for both Jewish and Gentile believers, assuring them of God's faithfulness and the inclusivity of His salvation. It emphasizes the unity of the Church, composed of both Jewish and Gentile believers, and the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises to Israel.
Scripture | Major Topic/ Theme | Summary | Key Words & Cross References | Videos & Resources |
| | | ||
Romans 11:1-10 | Israel's Rejection and God's Remnant | Paul asks if God has rejected His people, Israel. He answers, God forbid, stating that he himself is a descendant of Benjamin. Paul explains that while some had rejected him, and his prophets, he preserved an elect remnant of faithful Jews who did not bow their knee to idolatry. This remnant is evidence of God's ongoing faithfulness to His covenant promises. | ||
Romans 11:11-24 | The Inclusion of the Gentiles | Paul explains that Israel's temporary rejection opened the door for the Gentiles to be included in God's salvation plan. He uses the analogy of an olive tree to illustrate how Gentiles, like wild branches, have been grafted into the cultivated tree of Israel's promises. However, Paul warns the Gentiles not to become arrogant but to remember that they stand by faith, just as Israel's future restoration is also by faith. | vs. 11 through their fall (the diasporas) salvation is come unto the Gentiles, for to provoke them to jealousy (i.e. emulation). The Gentile nations learned a lot from the Jews and Israelites, and they emulated their traditions, sciences, and technologies, incorporating them into their own. vs 16-24 Vineyards of the Lord Isa. 5:7 (2 Ne. 15:7), Jacob 5:3 (5:3–77). | |
Romans 11:25-32 | The Future Restoration of Israel | Paul addresses the mystery of Israel's partial hardening, revealing that it was temporary until the fullness (of the restoration) of Gentiles comes to pass. Afterward, all Israel will have the opportunity to be saved as God's covenant faithfulness is demonstrated. Paul emphasizes that God's mercy is extended to both Jews and Gentiles, and that all have the opportunity to learn from past mistakes without regret and shame to receive His salvation. | vs 26 Sion the Deliverer: (i.e. Jesus Christ) Isaiah 59:20, Alma 11:37–41 For this is my covenant unto them, when I shall take away their sins. v. 29 For the gifts and calling of God are without repentance (i.e. regret, shame). | |
Romans 11:33-36 | God's Wisdom and Unsearchable Ways | In a hymn, Paul marvels at the riches, wisdom, and knowledge of God, recognizing that His ways are unsearchable, חֵקֶר beyond human comprehension. Proverbs 25:2 Paul humbly acknowledges that God's plan for salvation, including the relationship between Israel and the Gentiles, is part of His divine design. | | |
Cultural and Historical Context for Romans 12:
Romans 12 marks a significant shift in the Apostle Paul's letter to the Romans. Having thoroughly expounded on theological doctrines in the preceding chapters, Paul now transitions to practical exhortations for Christian living. In this chapter, he emphasizes the transformation of believers' lives through the renewing of their minds and hearts as an expression of genuine love, gratitude, and service within their communities.
As discussed previously, the Christian community in Rome was diverse at this time, comprising both Jewish and Gentile believers. These groups faced challenges and opposition from various quarters, including from the Roman authorities and skeptical Jewish communities.
Paul's teachings in Romans 12 aimed to provide guidance for believers as they navigated the intricacies of their Christian faith in the midst of a complex cultural context. The notion of presenting one's body as a living sacrifice and offering a broken heart and contrite spirit aligned with both Jewish and Greco-Roman ideals of dedication and moral transformation. The idea of a new or renewed heart would have resonated with the Greek community, given their familiarity with the concept of metamorphosis from Pythagoras' theory of the eternal nature and transmigration of the soul. While this concept evolved more into a theory relating to reincarnation, the broader concept of rebirth and renewal of the body and mind would have been recognizable.
The word metamorphosis means a "mighty change," and this term might remind us of Alma 5:12–14. "And now behold, I ask of you, my brethren of the church, have ye spiritually been born of God? Have ye received his image in your countenances? Have ye experienced this mighty change in your hearts?" This mighty change of heart is what it means to be truly converted to the Lord.
The emphasis on unity and diversity in the body of Christ would have also resonated with the Roman Christians, as they encountered different backgrounds and celebrated spiritual gifts within their community. Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Pythagoras, believed in the concept of divine inspiration, where certain individuals were chosen by the gods to receive knowledge and insights beyond human understanding. These gifts could be related to artistic or music talents, heightened wisdom, prophetic abilities, skills with mathematics, sciences, and language, culinary abilities, athleticism, etc. Paul's call for humility and service would have been particularly significant in a society where these skills were appreciated and utilized.
Furthermore, the concept of responding to persecution with love and blessings challenged the prevailing cultural norms of retaliation and revenge. In the Roman world, the expectation was often to retaliate against enemies, but Paul teaches a radical approach based on Christ's example of sacrificial love. This would have been especially poignant to those at the bottom of Rome's hierarchical social structure.
Scripture | Major Topic/ Theme | Summary | Key Words & Cross References | Videos & Resources |
| | | ||
Romans 12:1-2 | Living Sacrifices and Renewed Minds | Paul begins by urging believers to present themselves as living sacrifices to God, surrendering their lives wholly and willingly upon his altar. This act of consecration involves a transformation of the mind and heart, representing a broken heart and contrite Spirit, moving away from conforming to the world's patterns and views to align with God's will. Renewing the mind leads to discerning God's good, pleasing, and perfect will. | So it is that real, personal sacrifice never was placing an animal on the altar. Instead, it is a willingness to put the animal in us upon the altar and letting it be consumed! Such is the “sacrifice unto the Lord … of a broken heart and a contrite spirit,” (D&C 59:8), a prerequisite to taking up the cross, while giving “away all [our] sins” in order to “know God” (Alma 22:18) for the denial of self precedes the full acceptance of Him. - Neal A. Maxwell | |
Romans 12:3-8 | Unity and Diversity in the Body of Christ | Paul expounds upon the diversity of spiritual gifts within the Church and how each member is essential for the body's proper function. He encourages soberness, humility and grace in how we treat one another, recognizing that each person's unique contributions are from God. Unity is achieved when believers use their diverse gifts for the common good, demonstrating love and mutual respect. | ||
Romans 12:9-13 | Love and Genuine Relationships | Paul exhorts believers to love genuinely and sincerely, showing affection to one another as a family. They are to abhor what is evil, cling to what is good, be kind, respectful, a good example, and appropriately affectionate. Paul encourages perseverance in prayer, contributing to the needs of fellow believers, and actively pursuing opportunities to bless others. | | |
Romans 12:14-21 | Harmony and Peaceful Living, Responding to Persecution | Paul advises believers to bless those who persecute them and not to repay evil for evil. Instead, they are to live honestly and peaceably with everyone, leaving vengeance to God. Paul offers the following advice in how to relate to others: be positive, show kindness, genuinely care about people: rejoice and weep with them when appropriate, Exercise wisdom but not conceit, learn to meet others at their level: this might require us to raise the bar or simplify to meet the needs of the person and situation, bless don't curse others, be honest, don't avenge but give place to wrath. Overcome evil with good, through embodying Christ's teachings. | |
Cultural and Historical Context for Romans 13:
Romans 13 is a chapter in the Apostle Paul's letter to the Romans that addresses the Christian's relationship to civil authorities and the broader concept of living in submission and love. Paul discusses the importance of obeying governing authorities, fulfilling the law through love, and living as responsible citizens within society.
At the time of writing, the early Christian community faced complex challenges within the Roman Empire. The Roman authorities were known for their hierarchical structure, and compliance with Roman laws and practices was expected of its subjects.
Paul's teachings on submission to governing authorities were significant given the context of the Roman Empire. While the Roman authorities were often tolerant of various religions, they could be hostile toward those perceived as a threat to the empire's stability or social order. Christians were not exempt from potential persecution, as they were sometimes misunderstood or falsely accused of undermining the Roman state.
By encouraging submission to authorities, Paul sought to promote peaceful coexistence and avoid unnecessary conflict with the government. At the same time, he wanted to emphasize that ultimate loyalty belongs to God, and believers should not compromise their faith or values for the sake of appeasing human authorities.
The call to fulfill the law through love was also a pertinent message for the Roman Christians. In the Greco-Roman world, society was often hierarchical and heavily influenced by power dynamics. Paul's emphasis on love as the fulfillment of the law challenged this cultural norm and promoted a radical approach to living in harmony with others.
Moreover, Paul's exhortation to don the armor of God holds significant symbolic and etymological ties to the Temple Endowment. While these profound doctrinal insights were eventually obscured after the Temple's destruction during the centuries that followed, their echoes reverberate throughout his writings.
Scripture | Major Topic/ Theme | Summary | Key Words & Cross References | Videos & Resources |
Romans 13 | | | | |
Romans 13:1-7 | Submission to Governing Authorities | Paul begins by exhorting believers to be subject to governing powers, emphasizing that these authorities are established by God for the purpose of maintaining order and justice. He explains that those who resist governmental authority will face condemnation, but those who do good have no reason to fear the authorities. Paul encourages believers to pay their taxes and give honor to whom honor is due. | | |
Romans 13:8-10 | Fulfilling the Law through Love | Paul shifts the focus from civil authority to the broader concept of fulfilling the law through love. He emphasizes that love is the fulfillment of the law, as it does no harm to one's neighbor. Paul stresses that living in love leads to righteous living, aligning with the principles of the Ten Commandments and other moral teachings. | | |
Romans 13:11-14 | Living Responsibly in the Present Time | Paul reminds the believers of the urgency of their faith in the present time. He encourages them to wake from their sleep, explaining that the night is far spent, and it is time to cast off works of darkness and put on the armor of light. He urges them to live responsibly, knowing that the day of salvation is near and that they should not indulge in sinful desires or engage in wild parties. Instead, they should put on the Lord Jesus Christ and walk in His ways. | Put on the whole armor of God, Eph. 6:10–18 (D&C 27:15–18). ἐνδυσώμεθα "put on", ἐνδύσησθε "endowed" Luke 24:49 INT |
Cultural and Historical Context for Romans 14:
Romans 14 deals with matters of conscience and Christian liberty within the Christian community. In this chapter, the Apostle Paul addresses the issues of food and special days, urging believers not to pass judgment on one another but to embrace unity and love in their diverse expressions of faith.
In the early Christian community, there were diverse backgrounds and beliefs among Jewish and Gentile believers. This diversity sometimes led to conflicts and disagreements regarding dietary laws and the observance of special days from the Jewish tradition.
The Mosaic Law contained dietary restrictions and designated certain days for observance, which were central to Jewish religious practice. When Gentile believers converted to Christianity, there were questions about whether they should adhere to these Jewish customs. Some Jewish believers might have felt that observing these practices was essential, while Gentile believers might have seen them as optional.
Paul's teaching in Romans 14 sought to foster unity and mutual respect within the diverse Christian community. He encouraged believers not to let these disputable matters divide them but to prioritize love and understanding. By focusing on the common ground of faith in Christ and the acceptance of one another, the Roman Christians could overcome potential cultural and religious barriers.
Furthermore, Paul's message about each believer's accountability to God reinforced the idea that faith is a personal relationship with God. He wanted to prevent legalism and judgmental attitudes from hindering the spiritual growth of the believers. His call to avoid causing others to stumble demonstrated his concern for the spiritual welfare of the entire Christian community.
Paul's letter emphasizes the importance of handling disputable matters with love, respect, and sensitivity within the Christian community. Paul's teachings are just as relevant to us today as they were in the cultural and historical context of the early Christian church, where diversity in beliefs and practices sometimes caused tensions. This is especially true as the Church continues to expand, incorporating communities and cultures from all around the globe. Pauls exhortations promoted unity, mutual acceptance, and a focus on the core of the Christian faith, fostering a Christ-centered, loving, and inclusive body of saints.
Scripture | Major Topic/ Theme | Summary | Key Words & Cross References | Videos & Resources |
| | | INT | |
Romans 14:1-4 | Dealing with Disputable Matters | Paul addresses the issues of differences in convictions regarding certain practices, such as eating meat or observing special days. He advises believers not to pass judgment on those with different convictions, as God is the ultimate judge of individuals. Paul urges mutual acceptance and respect within the Christian community. | ἀσθενοῦντα "weak" | |
Romans 14:5-12 | Each Believer's Accountability to God | Paul emphasizes that each believer should be convinced in their own mind about the practices they observe or refrain from. No one should judge or condemn another believer based on these disputable matters. Each individual is accountable to God, and He will judge them according to their own faith and conscience. | Every knee shall bow, every tongue shall confess, Isa. 45:23 (D&C 88:104). | |
Romans 14:13-23 | Avoiding Stumbling Blocks | Paul counsels believers not to put a stumbling block in the way of fellow believers. If something they do causes another believer to stumble or go against their conscience, they should refrain from that action out of love. Paul explains that it is better to prioritize love and unity over personal liberties when it comes to disputable matters. | |
Cultural and Historical Context for Romans 15:
Romans 15 continues Paul's exhortations to the Roman Christians, focusing on the principles of unity, love, and the Gospel's message to all. In this chapter, Paul encourages believers to be considerate of one another, to imitate Christ's example, and to strive for harmony between Jewish and Gentile believers. He also shares his plans for future ministry and requests prayer support from the Roman Christians.
Scripture | Major Topic/ Theme | Summary | Key Words & Cross References | Videos & Resources |
| | | INT | |
Romans 15:1-6 | Considerate Living and Unity | Paul urging the people to be considerate of those who are weaker in faith and not to please themselves but to bear and lift one another up. He counsels us to edify our neighbors for good, and cites Christ as the ultimate example of self-sacrifice and service. Paul prays that God grants them harmony and unity, so they may glorify God with one accord. | | |
Romans 15:7-13 | The Inclusion of the Gentiles in the Gospel | Paul reiterates the Gospel's universality, proclaiming that Christ came to both Jews and Gentiles. He quotes Old Testament passages to support his message of the inclusion of the Gentiles in God's redemptive plan. | Psalm 18:49, Isaiah 11:10 INT "Root of Jesse" 2 Nephi 21:10–12, Revelation 5:5 | |
Romans 15: 14-33 | Paul's Travel Plans and Request for Prayer | Paul shares his ministry goals and his desire to visit Rome on his way to Spain. He requests prayer support from the Roman Christians for his upcoming journey, that he may be delivered from those who oppose the Gospel. Paul expresses his longing to be with the Roman believers and extends greetings from fellow Christians. | |
Cultural and Historical Context for Romans 16:
Romans 16 is the concluding chapter of Paul's letter to the Romans, and it contains greetings, commendations, and personal messages to various individuals in the Christian community. In this chapter, Paul demonstrates his deep affection for the Roman believers and expresses gratitude for their partnership in the Gospel. He also warns against false teachers and encourages the believers to remain wise and obedient to God.
Paul's extensive catalogue of personal greetings in Romans 16 vividly illuminates the tightly knit and relational fabric of the early Christian community. It prominently showcases the active participation of both men and women in the ministry, emphasizing the pivotal roles women held in propagating the Gospel and fostering the vitality of the growing church. This dimension is particularly significant when viewed against the backdrop of other instances in Paul's letters where he seems to censure women, advocating their limited involvement in church affairs or leadership positions and implying that marriage and family are undesirable pursuits. Such passages starkly contrast with the overarching themes and sentiments found elsewhere in Paul's writings, especially within the passages under current consideration. These inconsistencies strongly suggest that the denigrating portrayals of women in Paul's other correspondences might have been deliberate distortions or misrepresentations intended to marginalize and stifle women's roles, influence, and contributions as the church evolved over time. Therefore, it is prudent to approach these contested passages with a discerning skepticism, particularly since they diverge so sharply from the teachings of the Savior and from the prevailing narrative in the rest of Paul's work.
Paul's admonition regarding false teachers in verses 17-20 underscores the serious challenges that the Roman Christians confronted from individuals propagating divisive and incorrect teachings. Given this context, it was of utmost importance for Paul to caution the believers about these potential dangers and to urge them to remain resolute in their faith while upholding sound doctrine. Significantly, these warnings find intriguing resonance with Paul's earlier and warm greetings to numerous esteemed women of the early church. This connection bears remarkable similarity to President Nelson's recent address titled "A Plea to My Sisters," wherein the Prophet exhorts his sisters in Zion to assume their foreordained roles of defenders of the faith. President Nelson urges the women of the Church to step up and stand out as women of faith, wisdom, and discernment. He encourages us to trust ourselves and our abilities to access divine power and strength, and he encourages our brethren to pay attention. President Nelson lists numerous heightened skills and abilities that women have that are desperately needed in our communities, including our ability to detect erroneous trends. Like the mothers of Helaman's stripling warriors in Alma 56, we too can develop and strengthen our God given rights as Mothers and daughters in Zion to call upon the powers of heaven to protect and strengthen our families and children, as we fearlessly teach the truth of the gospel in our valiant and noble efforts to raise a sin-resistant generation. This is one of the ways we work in partnership with Christ, and with our priesthood brothers to crush the head of the serpent who deceived our first parents, and continues to threaten our families and loved ones. Like Jael in Judges 4-5, during her fateful encounter with the enemy Sisera, we must play to our strengths, to overcome evil with good. In the winding up chapters leading to the Second Coming of Christ, these skills will be absolutely essential.
In Paul's final words of greeting and benediction, he expressed his deep desire for God's grace to be upon the Roman believers, acknowledging God's power to strengthen and establish them in their faith journey.
Scripture | Major Topic/ Theme | Summary | Key Words & Cross References | Videos & Resources |
| | INT | ||
Romans 16:1-16 | Personal Greetings and Commendations | Paul sends greetings to several individuals in the Roman church, acknowledging their contributions and service in the Gospel. He commends Phoebe, a deaconess, and leader of many. She was the one who delivered the Epistle to Rome. Paul also mentions other fellow workers, both men and women (Precilla, Mary, the apostle Junia, Tryphina, Persis, Julia , and the sister of Nereus) who were all instrumental in advancing the Gospel. | | On Junia in Romans 16:7 Dan McClellan is an LDS Biblical scholar who has a served as a supervisor for the translation department at the Church's Headquarters and as a professor at BYU. 5 Ways Women Participated in the Early Church |
Romans 16:17-20 | Warning Against False Teachers | Paul urges the believers to watch out for those who cause divisions and create obstacles and offenses contrary to the Gospel. He emphasizes the need for discernment and wisdom in recognizing and avoiding false teachers who are motivated by greed. Paul assures the Roman Christians that God will soon crush Satan under their feet. | And the God of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly. Gen 3:15 INT (שׁוּף means "bruise, buff, grind," which can be perceived as a method of refinement. Whereas the word used in Romans is usually translated from the Hebrew word שָׁבַר, meaning to "shatter, crush," as one grows in wisdom, they learn to develop the tools to combat the adversary | |
Romans 16:21-24 | Final Words of Greeting and Benediction | Paul sends greetings from his fellow workers, including Timothy, Lucius, Jason, and Sosipater. He concludes with a benediction, invoking God's grace to be with all believers. | | |
Romans 16:25-27 | Personal Greetings from Corinth | Paul acknowledges and praises God, the one who has the power to strengthen and establish believers according to the Gospel and the preaching of Jesus Christ. | | |
Church Videos & Resources
Scripture Central
Reading Guide
Lynne Wilson, "Romans 7-16," Come Follow Me: The New Testament, 2019.
The Law of Moses and the Law of Christ
John W. Welch, “Roman Law Relating to the New Testament” in New Testament History, Culture, and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament, ed. Lincoln H. Blumell (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2019), 160-177.
Phillip W. McMullen, “Sacrifice in the Law of Moses: Parallels in the Law of the Gospel,” Ensign, March 1990.
Jared W. Ludlow, “Paul’s Use of Old Testament Scripture,” in How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium, ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 227–242.
Brandt, Edward J., “The Law of Moses and the Law of Christ” in Sperry Symposium Classics: The Old Testament, ed. Paul Y. Hoskisson (Provo and Salt Lake City: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, and Deseret Book 2005), 133–153.
Foreordination
Brent L. Top, “Foreordination,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism.
Neal A. Maxwell, “Meeting the Challenges of Today,” BYU Speeches, October 1978.
Brent L. Top, “Were We Foreordained in Our Premortal Life? A Look into How God's Time and Calls Work,” LDS Living.
Eldon R. Taylor, “Romans 8:29-30 Seems to Indicate that Paul believed in predestination. Did He?” Ensign, December 1990.
Joseph F. McConkie, “Premortal Existence, Foreordinations, and Heavenly Councils,” in Apocryphal Writings and the Latter-day Saints, ed. C. Wilfred Griggs (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1986), 174–98.
Adoption into the House of Israel
Daniel H. Ludlow, “Of the House of Israel,” Ensign, January 1991.
Fellowshipping
Russell M. Nelson, “Ministering with the Power and Authority of God,” General Conference April 2018.
Jeffrey R. Holland, “Be With and Strengthen Them,” General Conference April 2018
The Bible Project
BYU’s RSC
Additional Videos & Insights
Paul, Apostle of Christ (full movie available for purchase or rental on YouTube)
Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD (PDF version, download)
Maps
Comments