Videos and Podcasts
Video/ Podcast | Lesson Extension | Additional Materials |
Scripture Central | ||
Follow Him | ||
Line Upon Line | ||
Teaching with Power | | |
Don't Miss This | | |
CFM New Testament | ||
Unshaken | | |
The Interpreter Foundation | ||
Teaching Helps with John Hilton | 1 Corinthians 8-13 (not yet posted) | |
Ponderfun | 1 Corinthians 8-13 (not yet posted) | |
Talking Scripture | ||
Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson
Be sure to review Last week's Cultural Insights this will be very useful information for this week's lesson:
I apologize for not getting this lesson out sooner. I have been out of town working on a research project that explores the development of Western Music through various theological traditions, Hebrew Chant, Greek Byzantine, Western Gregorian, Arabic Maqams, etc. Religious tradition heavily shaped our modern concepts of musical architecture and theory, and the research that I am working on explores how and why these traditions are significant and applicable to us in the modern day. This research applies not only to musicians and theologians but to anyone interested in understanding why music is such a powerful mode of communication and expression.
This week, I had the special privilege of attending an Orthodox Monastery to learn more about Byzantine Chant and the Liturgical Arts. There, I was able to study under and sing with some of the most renowned and educated Byzantine Psalters in the nation. The monastery is located in the remote foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in South Carolina, and due to the isolated location, our internet reception was very limited, so that is the reason this lesson is coming out later than usual.
Due to the demands of the conference, my time was very limited this week, so I cannot include as much as I usually do. Still, there are a few topics that I would like to touch on, some of which even pertain to music and my purposes for learning Byzantine Notation and traditions.
*Note: In all of the craziness of the past week, my wires got crossed, and I got ahead of myself. Most of the following commentary applies to next week's lesson, but since I already published it, I will just leave it up as is. It will give you a bit of a sneak preview...
In this week's lesson (*next week's lesson), Paul's letter delves into fascinating insights about ancient musical practices. In 1 Corinthians 14:7 INT, the word "φθόγγος" (pythongos), simply translated as "sound" in the KJV, actually alludes to an ancient Pythagorean tuning system, similar in many regards to our present-day understanding of the Harmonic Overtone Series (Donald Duck in Mathmagicland).
Similarly, in 1 Corinthians 13:1 INT, the term "ἠχέω" (echeo) points to an ancient modal system that the Greeks traditionally used. Historical records from later Greek sources refer to these modes as the "Hagiopolitan Octoechos" or the "eight modes of the Holy City," linking these traditions to Jerusalem and the musical traditions of Ancient Israel. (Werner, FRØYSHOV)
Over time, and through various channels, this modal system eventually evolved into what we now recognize as musical scales and modes in the West, albeit with some distinctive variations. These nuances aren't readily apparent in English translations of "sound" found in Paul's letter, yet they hold a pivotal presence within the Greek texts and the broader cultural context.
Without a doubt, Paul's references to these musical terms highlighted his familiarity with the cultural, philosophical, and musical nuances of his time. Beyond their musical significance, these concepts held a profound influence on early Greek converts to Christianity. They were closely tied to the sciences and philosophical traditions that many Greeks held dear, making these references a powerful tool for persuasion and connection to Christian doctrine.
In the city of Corinth, known for its intellectual fervor and philosophical discussions, these concepts would have carried significant weight. The blending of philosophy, science, and religious thought was commonplace, and Paul's ability to integrate these elements into his teachings would have resonated deeply within the community.
Early Christian writers like Justin Martyr and Boethius wrote about many of these connections, shedding light on how Greeks saw music as a divine aspect of their religious identity and convictions. These were influences that played a strong role in their own conversions. Martyr and Boethius strongly believed these principles were interconnected with the teachings of Moses, and their writings attempted to demonstrate how the teachings of Christ consolidated the differences between the pagan scholastic and Judeo-Christian traditions and beliefs. These perspectives, and others like them, reveal a broader dialogue between different cultural and intellectual streams, enhancing the richness and beauty of the early Christian narrative.
These intriguing correlations add layers of depth to our understanding of Paul's letters and the context in which he was writing. They remind us that the ancient world was not compartmentalized; instead, various facets of culture, science, philosophy, and faith intertwined in complex and meaningful ways. Paul's ability to engage with these intersections demonstrates his skill as a communicator and his deep engagement with the intellectual currents of his time. There are many fascinating connections pertaining to these histories and concepts, but these will have to wait for another time.
1 Corinthians 14:34-35
In previous lessons, I expressed that in the past, I had a hard time with Paul, and these verses are why.
34 Let your women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted unto them to speak; but they are commanded to be under obedience, as also saith the law.
35 And if they will learn anything, let them ask their husbands at home: for it is a shame for women to speak in the church.
When my husband and I were newly married, we managed an apartment complex in an area of downtown Salt Lake that was located in a pretty impoverished area of town. When we would go to Church, grocery carts would frequently be parked outside of the entrance, as several homeless individuals would often attend, especially during the colder months. Many suffered from addictions and mental illness. One Sunday, a new family from the ward was asked to speak. During the new sister's talk, a man at the back of the church stood up and started yelling, reciting 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 over and over again. The poor sister was visibly shaken, but she courageously delivered her talk as the man continued his rant and was escorted out of the building. He continued to yell at the top of his lungs, past the outer windows of the Chapel and into the parking lot.
The man who spewed these words in a rant of hate and aggression was clearly mentally ill. Still, his views and opinions were not isolated. As a woman in the Church, I have sadly encountered several demonstrations of similar mentalities, albeit more subtly, from fellow members and leaders, both men and women. I have seen women's voices ignored and dismissed. I have seen and experienced women being afraid to speak up to offer their expertise and insights because some felt this behavior was inappropriate. I have seen women in abusive situations not believed, as church leaders and members sided with the husband because he served in a prominent priesthood position. I have seen women question their rights as daughters of God, and Mothers in Zion to receive personal revelation. I have seen these insecurities exploited and abused through ignorance and various forms of unrighteous dominion. As a result, I was so grateful for President Neilson's talk, "A Plea to My Sisters," and others like it, where the Prophet openly addressed these very serious and sensitive issues.
Since President Nelson's talk, I have thankfully witnessed a significant shift in the awareness and regard for women within the Church. The impact has been tangible, and I've personally observed remarkable progress. When I initially started this website, my father expressed that he was grateful that I would do this. He explained that his experience in the past starkly contrasted with the present—in the past, a woman's public involvement would have been met with admonitions to "shut up and sit down." The lens of appropriateness that was defined by past eras often stifled women's voices and their perceptions of value and worth.
This was a reality born out of passages like 1 Corinthians 14:34-35. Unquestionably, this passage evokes strong emotions with many women. Reading this can stir a sense of unease, and I know that I am not alone in grappling with these verses and the associated mindsets. The words contained therein seem to hold a potential for destruction and offense.
My discussions with several women have revealed a shared sentiment of bewilderment in the face of this passage. It's an understandable reaction grounded in valid reasoning. The conflicting message conveyed by these verses can be perplexing, contributing to feelings of confusion and frustration. These sentiments are real, and there is good reason for that.
First of all, this section drastically contradicts the basic tenets of the Gospel, and it drastically contradicts other writings of Paul as well. At the end of Romans, Paul gratefully talks about and extends his admiration for several influential women in the early Church. He even counseled members to listen to and follow their council. In 1 Corinthians 11:5, Paul specifically talks about women publically praying and prophesying, advising them to cover their heads while doing so, as was the custom of the time. So why would he say in verse 14 that a woman was to remain silent and it was shameful for her to ask questions?
This doesn't make sense because Paul probably did not write these words. Different Biblical manuscripts place these verses in different sections of the chapter. The Codex Sinaiticus and Textus Receptus place these verses in 34 and 35, but other manuscripts, such as the Claaromontanus of Paris and the Boernerianus of Dresden, place the verses after verse 40. This significant discrepancy has led many Biblical scholars to conclude that these verses were most likely interpolations, meaning they were added into the text later, possibly by Paul, but more likely by another scribe who wrote the revised text into the margins of the letter. These marginal notes are referred to as glosses, and these are surprisingly common in both the New and Old Testaments. Typically, a few words or phrases were written into the margins of earlier manuscripts to add points of clarification or explanations. Sometimes, the glosses were helpful and well-intentioned, but others were incorrect and sometimes purposefully deceptive. Over time, many glosses were incorporated into the main body of the scriptural text, and it can be very challenging to identify them without a significant amount of digging. However, most scholars agree that 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 is a gloss.
We know the additions of these verses would have been included early on, definitely before Saint Jerome compiled the Latin Vulgate in the 4th century. We also know there was a lot of fluidity in the texts prior to that time and even afterward. So it is important that when we come across sections like this, things that don't feel right, things that contradict one another, and things that contradict the fundamental principles of the Gospel, we should take note and pay attention to those spiritual promptings. There is usually a lot more to the story than one might initially see on the surface. The Spirit can and will help us to find answers to these concerns in time, and we need to trust and rely on the Spirit to help us push through our doubts and confusion when we have questions, even if they go unanswered for an extended period of time. Remember that we believe the Bible to be the true word of God as long as it is translated correctly. Sometimes, mistranslations and misinterpretations are easy to identify; other times, they are not. 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 serves as a striking example of that, and it demonstrates how damaging mistranslations, misinterpretations, and misrepresentations of scripture can actually be.
Overview:
1 Corinthians 8 addresses the issue of eating food sacrificed to idols within the Corinthian church. Paul discusses the balance between knowledge and love, the potential stumbling of weaker believers, and the importance of considering others' spiritual well-being. Here's an overview of the major themes, key verses, and the cultural and historical context:
Scripture | Major Topics/ Themes | Summary | Cross-References, Videos & Resources |
1 Corinthians 8 | | ||
Vs. 1-3 | Knowledge and Love | Paul introduces the theme of knowledge and its relationship to love. He emphasizes that knowledge can lead to pride, but love builds up and strengthens the community. | |
Vs. Verses 4-13 | Food Sacrificed to Idols | Paul addresses the matter of eating food that had been offered to idols. He provides guidance on how believers should approach this issue, considering the conscience of weaker believers and the impact of one's actions within the broader community. |
1 Corinthians 9 is a chapter that delves into Paul's defense of his apostolic rights and his approach to ministry. He discusses the importance of selflessness, adapting to different cultural contexts, and the rewards of sharing the Gospel. Here's an overview of the major themes, key verses, and the cultural and historical context:
Scripture | Major Topics/ Themes | Summary | Cross-References, Videos & Resources |
1 Corinthians 9 | | ||
Vs. 1-14 | Christian Liberty, Apostolic Rights and Responsibilities | Paul defends his apostolic authority and rights, using his own life and ministry as an example. He asserts his Mosaic rights to receive financial support from the Corinthians, but he chooses not to exercise this right to avoid hindering the Gospel's impact. (During this time, Paul was working as a tentmaker in addition to performing his Apostolic duties. Paul might remind one of King Benjamin in this chapter.) | |
Vs. 15-23 | Adapting for the Gospel | Paul explains his willingness to adapt to different cultural contexts to avoid unnecessary stumbling blocks to those he comes in contact with. He becomes all things to all people, sharing the Gospel message with everyone, without imposing his cultural preferences. | |
Vs. 24-27 | Running the Race | Paul uses the analogy of a race to describe the Christian journey. He encourages believers to exercise self-discipline and perseverance in their spiritual lives, likening it to an athlete's commitment to training and competing. |
1 Corinthians 10 is a chapter that discusses the examples of Israel's history and warns against the dangers of idolatry and complacency in the Christian walk. Paul uses the experiences of the Israelites to emphasize the need for spiritual vigilance and the avoidance of practices that can lead to spiritual downfall. Here's an overview of the major themes, key verses, and the cultural and historical context:
Scripture | Major Topics/ Themes | Summary | Cross-References, Videos & Resources |
1 Corinthians 10 | | ||
Vs. 1-13 | Learning from Israel's History | Paul draws parallels between the experiences of the Israelites in the wilderness and the Corinthian believers' spiritual journey. He warns against falling into the same patterns of disobedience and idolatry that led to God's judgment on Israel. | |
Vs. 14-22 | Fleeing from Idolatry | Paul addresses the issue of participating in idol feasts and warns against becoming partners with demons through such practices. He emphasizes the incompatibility of participating in the Lord's Supper and idol worship. | |
Vs. 23-33 | Doing All to God's Glory | Paul provides guidelines for believers on how to approach various situations in a manner that glorifies God. He encourages them to consider the well-being of others, avoid causing offense, and prioritize God's kingdom in all things. | |
1 Corinthians 11 addresses issues related to worship practices, specifically focusing on the conduct of believers during gatherings for the Lord's Supper and in the context of corporate worship. Paul addresses issues of order, gender roles, and the proper observance of the Lord's Supper. Here's an overview of the major themes, key verses, and the cultural and historical context:
Scripture | Major Topics/ Themes | Summary | Cross-References, Videos & Resources |
1 Corinthians 11 | | ||
Vs. 2-6 | Orderly Worship and Head Coverings | Paul discusses the proper order of worship gatherings and addresses the issue of head coverings for women. He emphasizes the hierarchical relationship between God, Christ, men, and women, and the significance of showing proper respect and decorum. | |
Vs. 7-16 | The Sacred Role of Marriage | Paul emphasizes the interconnected roles of men and women in marriage, stressing that they are both reflections of God's creation and should honor each other's distinct contributions within the marital relationship. | |
Vs. 17-34 | The Lord's Supper | Paul criticizes the way the Corinthians are observing the Sacrament, highlighting the divisiveness and selfishness that is happening in the community. He reminds them of the importance of recognizing the significance of the bread and wine, which represent Christ's body and blood. He encourages them to examine themselves and their worthiness before partaking. |
1 Corinthians 12 focuses on the topic of spiritual gifts and the unity of the body of Christ. Paul addresses the diversity of gifts within the church and emphasizes their interconnectedness for the common good. Here's an overview of the major themes, key verses, and the cultural and historical context:
Scripture | Major Topics/ Themes | Summary | Cross-References, Videos & Resources |
1 Corinthians 12 | | ||
Vs 1-31 | Spiritual Gifts & Unity and Diversity in the Body of Christ | Paul discusses various spiritual gifts and highlights their source as the Holy Spirit. He emphasizes the importance of sharing our gifts to teach and edify one another. | χαρισμάτων "gifts," προφητεία "prophesy" from the phimi and phos roots, used in many English words, prophet, profess, professor, profit, "to share light and enlightenment" The Unifying Power of Spiritual Gifts, Gifts of the Spirit , |
Vs 12-31 | Unity and Diversity in the Body of Christ | Paul emphasizes the importance of unity within the church, highlighting the important role that diversity plays in the distribution of various spiritual gifts. He counsels the community to earnestly seek and work to develop spiritual gifts. |
1 Corinthians 13 is often referred to as the "Love Chapter." It beautifully explores the supreme importance of love within the context of Christian faith and community. Paul extols the virtues of love and contrasts its enduring nature with the temporary nature of spiritual gifts. Here's an overview of the major themes, key verses, and the cultural and historical context:
Scripture | Major Topics/ Themes | Summary | Cross-References, Videos & Resources |
1 Corinthians 13 | | ||
Vs 1-3 | Charity | Paul underscores the significance of love as superior to any spiritual gift, human eloquence, or acts of charity. Without genuine love, these actions lack true value. | |
Vs. 4-7 | The Characteristics of Love | Paul eloquently describes the nature of love through a series of virtues. Love is patient, kind, not envious or boastful, and seeks the well-being of others. It is not self-centered, easily angered, or resentful. | |
Vs. 8-13 | Love's Endurance | Paul contrasts the temporary nature of spiritual gifts with the enduring quality of love. He emphasizes that while spiritual gifts will pass away, love will remain eternally. Love is foundational for a life of faith, hope, and maturity. |
Church Videos & Resources
Scripture Central
Reading Guide
1 Corinthians 8–13
Lynne Hilton Wilson, "1 Corinthians 8-13," Come Follow Me: The New Testament, 2019.
Atonement of Jesus Christ
Lloyd D. Newell, “Walk in Newness of Life,” in Our Savior’s Love: Hope & Healing in Christ, ed. Alonzo L. Gaskill and Stanley A. Johnson (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center; Salt Lake City, 2015), 103–21.
Camille Fronk Olson, “Saved and Enabled by the Grace of Jesus Christ,” in Shedding Light on the New Testament: Acts–Revelation, ed. Ray L. Huntington, Frank F. Judd Jr., and David M. Whitchurch (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2009), 46–66.
Brian K. Ray, “Adoption and Atonement: Becoming Sons and Daughters of Christ,” Religious Educator 6, no. 3 (2005): 129-136.
Escape Temptation
Richard D. Draper and Michael D. Rhodes, “The Glorious Message about Resurrection and Escape from Sin in 1 Corinthians 15,” BYU New Testament Commentary.
“Line upon Line: 1 Corinthians 10:13,” Liahona, February 2017.
Unity and the Sacrament
John S. Robertson, “A Complete Look at Perfect,” BYU Speeches July 1999.
Greg Klingler, “Ye are the Body of Christ,” BYU Idaho Devotionals.
Henry B. Eyring, “That We May Be One,” General Conference April 1998.
Women and Covering Their Heads
Richard D. Draper and Michael D. Rhodes, “1 Corinthians 11:1-3,” BYU New Testament Commentary.
Lynne Hilton Wilson, “Unveiling Women’s Veils of Authority,” Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship 28 (2018): 133–154.
Spiritual Gifts
David M. Whitchurch, “They Unifying Power of Spiritual Gifts,” Shedding Light on the New Testament: Acts–Revelation, ed. Ray L. Huntington, Frank F. Judd Jr., and David M. Whitchurch (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2009), 98–127.
Craig K. Manscill and Derek Mock, "Gifts of the Spirit," Religious Educator 6, no. 2 (2005): 69–84.
Gordon B. Hinckley, “Ten Gifts from the Lord,” General Conference October 1985.
James A. Cullimore, “Gifts of the Spirit,” General Conference 1974.
Charity
Jeffrey M. Bradshaw, “Faith, Hope, and Charity: The ‘Three Principal Rounds’ of the Ladder of Heavenly Ascent,” Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship 39 (2020): 207-260.
Larry E. Dahl, “Faith, Hope, Charity,” in The Book of Mormon: The Keystone Scripture, ed. Paul R. Cheesman (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1988), 137–50.
Brett G. Scharffs, “The Most Important Three Things in the World,” BYU Speeches May 2009.
The Bible Project
BYU’s RSC
Additional Videos & Insights
Paul, Apostle of Christ (full movie available for purchase or rental on YouTube)
Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD (PDF version, download)
FRØYSHOV, STIG SIMEON R. “The Early History of the Hagiopolitan Daily Office in Constantinople: New Perspectives on the Formative Period of the Byzantine Rite.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 74, 2020, pp. 351–82. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26979089. Accessed 30 Aug. 2023.
WERNER, ERIC. “THE ORIGIN OF THE EIGHT MODES OF MUSIC (OCTOECHOS): A Study in Musical Symbolism.” Hebrew Union College Annual, vol. 21, 1948, pp. 211–55. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23503693. Accessed 30 Aug. 2023.
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